1438

The text found in Bulaq, A, and B (fihi . . . maqsudahum min kalamihim) is better than that in C and D, which has fihi crossed out and reads kalamina instead of kalamihim, which makes no sense.

1439

Thus, as some people really believe (cf. p. 382, below), poetry may not exist in other languages than Arabic. Ibn Khaldun does not himself believe this; cf. p. 382 and, especially, pp. 412 f. Still, it is hardly correct to suggest, as Bombaci does (p. 469), that Ibn Khaldun is here saying that he is justified in restricting the discussion to Arabic poetry because of the different character of poetic expression in other languages.

1440

Cf. p. 304 (n. 1186), above.

1441

De Slane thinks of shubah "doubts (as to the technical character of the Arab poet's poetical habits)," and Bombaci, p. 469, suggests shibh "a semblance." C and D suggest the reading shabahun. However, a derivation from the root sh-b-h seems hardly possible. Therefore it may be suggested that Ibn Khaldun originally wrote shiyatun "mark, marking, detail." He used the word also above, 1:371, I. 10, and 2:73 (n. 611).

1442

Cf. Bombaci, p. 469.

1443

The discussion of uslub continues down to p. 381.

1444

The metaphors of mold and loom are repeated again and again in the following pages. The metaphor of the loom, in particular, is common in Arabic.

1445

Cf. p. 335, above.

1446

"Any" (kull) is added in the margin of C and in the text of D.

1447

A verse by an-Nabighah adh-Dhubyani. Cf. pp. 397 and 410, below. Cf. H. Derenbourg in Journal asiatique, X116 (1868), 301. Ibn Khaldun certainly did not collect these verses by himself but derived them from an older work that remains to be determined.

1448

I have not so far succeeded in identifying the author of this verse. Doubtless he is a very famous poet, like the others quoted here.

1449

A verse by Imru'u-l-Qays, from the beginning of his famous mu'allaqah. Cf. p. 410, below.

1450

The author of this verse is still unidentified. Cf. n. 1448, above.

1451

Another verse by Imru'u-l-qays, which is quoted by the geographers under al-'Azl.

The word "houses" does not fit the meter. The original text has "litters." Cf, the poet's Diwan, ed. and tr. W. M. de Slane (Paris, 1837), p. 47 (text), p. 70 (tr.).

1452

A verse by Abu Tammam. Cf. Kitab al-Aghani (Bulaq, 1285/1868), XV, 105.

1453

Another verse by Abu Tammam. Cf, his Diwan (Beirut, n.d.), p. 211.

1454

Another verse by Abu Tammam. Cf. Kitab al-Aghani, IX, 98; XV, 107.

1455

This is a verse by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Cf. his Diwan (Baghdad, 1306/1889), p. 155.

1456

Ibid., p. 267.

1457

A frequently quoted verse by al-Fari'ah bint Tarif, from the elegy in which she mourned her brother al-Walid b. Tarif, who was killed by Yazid b. Mazyad, a general under Harun ar-Rashid. Cf. Ibn 'Abdrabbih, 'Iqd (Cairo, 1305/1887), II, 19; Kitab al-Aghani, XI, 8 ff., quoted in T. Noldeke and A. Miller, Delectus carminum Arabicorum (Berlin, 1890; repr. 1933), p. 99; ad-Dimashqi, al-Isharah ila mahasin at-tijarah, tr. H. Ritter in Der Islam, VII (1917), 61. Ibn Khaldan quotes the verse again, 'Ibar, III, 169.

1458

Ash-Sharif ar-Radi, Diwan, p. 207.

1459

Bulaq, A, and B have fi: "with regard to."

1460

Cf. Issawi, p. 154.

1461

Cf. Bombaci, p. 470. The reference is apparently to pp. 958 ff., above.

1462

Bulaq has "Arabic philology" instead of "word endings (grammar)." In C and D, "or" replaces an earlier "and."

1463

Cf. pp. 368 ff., above.

1464

"To us" is not found in Bulaq.

1465

Cf. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, I, 99 (Ch. xviii).

1466

The lines following, down to "poetry" (1. 19), are not in Bulaq.

1467

This refers to meter, while the following phrase refers to the internal rhyme of the first verse of a poem, and to rhyme in general.

1468

Cf. Bombaci, p. 470, who stresses the fact that Ibn Khaldun explains his definition in logical terminology.

1469

Bulaq: "the Arabs" (instead of "poetry").

1470

For al-Mutanabbi', cf. GAL, I, 86 ff.; Suppl., I, 138 fl: For Abul-'Ala' al-Ma'arri, cf. GAL, I, 254 ff; suppl., I, 449. The latter's millenary celebration in 1944 inspired an especially large amount of literature on him, and some of his works were published. Cf. also p. 386, below.

1471

Cf. p. 373, above, and pp. 412 f., below.

1472

Cf. pp. 392 ff., below.

1473

Umar b. Abi Rabi'ah. Cf. GAL, I, 45 ff.; Suppl., 1, 76 ff.

1474

Cf. GAL, I, 48; Suppl., I, 79. Cf. also 1:407, above, and below.

1475

Cf. GAL, I, 58 f.; Suppl., I, 87 ff.

1476

Cf. GAL, I, 56 ff.; Suppl., I, 86 f.

1477

Cf. 1:36, above.

1478

Cf. GAL, I, 84 f.; Suppl., I, 134 ff.

1479

Cf. GAL, I, 80; Suppl., I, 125 ff.

1480

Cf. GAL, I, 82; Suppl., I, 131 f.

1481

Cf. GAL, 1, 89; Suppl., I,142 ff

1482

Cf, pp. 341 and 366 f., above.

1483

Lit., "to weave on the loom."

1484

The Arabic suffix (unless it should be corrected to refer to "memorized material") has as its nearest antecedent "external literal forms." However, Ibn Khaldun could scarcely have meant it to refer to that.

1485

Bulaq, Paris, and A read istinarah "set afire," against istitharah in B, C, and D.

1486

Through music, or rather, through all the stimulants mentioned here.

1487

Cf. 2:397 ff., above.

1488

"Bath" and not "restfulness" (jamam), as suggested by Bulaq, is confirmed by the MSS and by references to the bath in Ibn Rashiq,' Umdah, I, 185 f.

1489

This statement is derived from the quotations in the 'Umdah, Ch. xxviii, but is not there to be found as such. In general, the impression prevails that Ibn Khaldun did not have a copy of the' Umdah at hand when he wrote the Muqaddimah. Cf., in particular, p. 387 (n. 1502), below.

1490

"Like it" is added by Bulaq. Cf. also Bombaci, p. 470. For. Ibn Rashiq, see p. 338 (n. 1810), above.

1491

The remainder of the sentence is added in the margin of C and incorporated in the text of D.

1492

Muwallad, used as a technical term for persons of mixed Arab and non-Arab parentage, is applied in literary criticism to designate the early poets who were born after the coming of Islam, and, more generally, all the older Islamic poets.

1493

Cf. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, I, 216.

1494

Cf. Bombaci, p. 470.

1495

Ibrahim b. Abi I-Fath, ca. 451 [1059/60] to 533 [1139]. Cf. GAL, I, 272; Suppl., I, 480 f. Abu Bakr is found in A and B, whereas the words are deleted in C and D. According to a marginal note in Bulaq, its MSS seem to vacillate between Abu Bakr and Abu Ishaq, the latter being the usual patronymic of Ibn Khafajah.

1496

Cf. p. 382, above.

1497

Cf. p. 409, below.

1498

Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 172 ff.

1499

This and the following sentence not in Bulaq.

1500

Cf. pp. 394 f., below.

1501

Wa-yaghziru (thus vocalized) is added in C and D. Cf. Lane's Arabic­English Dictionary, p. 2246a.

1502

Actually, the following poem is quoted in Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, II, 108 f., and there attributed to the same Nishi who wrote the very similar poem quoted below, p. 389 (n. 1506).

1503

Yatahalla, as expressly indicated in C. The reading yatahalla (cf. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, loc. cit.) is possible theoretically but not, apparently, intended here. The latter would mean: "its beauty is revealed by those who recite it."

1504

 Ibn Rashiq reads 'lfta "you should loathe."

1504a

However, since the idea expressed here is unusual and does not agree with what the following poem says in connection with the same topic, one may try this, admittedly difficult, rendering:

You should admit no consolation whatever. You should cause

The tears that are stored up in (your) eyes (to run) smoothly.

1505

Bulaq: "close to."

1506

The name of the poet is added in C and D. According to Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, he is identical with the author of the preceding poem, the elder Nashi, Abul-'Abbas 'Abdallah b. Muhammad, who died in 293 [905/61. Cf. GAL, 1, 123 f.; Suppl., I, 188. The verses were quoted by an-Nashi in his book on poetry. Cf. al-Hugri, Zahr al-adab (Cairo, 1293/1876), II, 249 f.; (Cairo, 1505/1887, in the margin of Ibn 'Abdrabbih, 'Iqd), II, 240 f. Al-Husri has two verses not found in our text and, in one place, has the verses in a different order. Ibn Rashiq, 'Umdah, II, 109 f., has the same transposition found in al-Husri but has no additional verses. He omits the fourth verse and the last. In this connection, it should be noted that the fourth, and the last six, verses were added in the margin of C and incorporated in the text of D.

1507

Wa-ra'abta. Al-Hugri uses la'amta, with the same meaning.

1508

This verse, which is found only in C and D, seems to have been read by Ibn Khaldun: wa-'amadta minhu munajjidan man yqtdy, but man makes no sense and should, at least, be corrected to ma. Al-Husri has wa-'ahidta minhu li-kulli amrin yaqtadi:, which seems to be the correct text.

1509

For shu'un and its use in the meaning of "tear (ducts)," cf. J. M. Pefuela, "Die Goldene" des Ibn al-Munasif (Rome, 1941), pp. 77 ft.

1510

Instead of musta'manan, Ibn Rashiq has mustay'isan (distorted in al­Husri to mustasbiyan): "In despair because of," which seems to be the better text.

1511

Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 174.

1512

The difficult last verse is reproduced in a rather different, and apparently quite meaningless, form in al-Husri, and is not found in Ibn Rashiq.