1011

This correct translation of filosofoz was well known to the Arabs. Cf., for instance, Sa`id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-umam, tr. Blachere, p. 58.

1012

Cf. p. 137, above.

1013

Cf. p. 138, above.

1014

This refers to the sphere of the earth, the seven spheres of the planets, the sphere of the fixed stars, and the tenth, the highest, divine sphere. Cf., for instance, the pseudo-Aristotelian Secretum secretorum, tr. from the Arabic in Roger Bacon, Opera hactenus inedita (Oxford, 1920), V, 228.

1015

This refers to ethics as a part of philosophy.

1016

Cf. 1:275 (n. 75), and pp. 115 f., 139, and 153, above.

1017

Lit., "if the responsibility for . . . had been taken (tukuffila) for him by others." That is, while Aristotelian logic is acceptable, Aristotelian theological opinions are objectionable.

1018

Lit., "as one shoe is fashioned after the other."

1019

For the following remarks, cf. pp. 115 f., above.

1020

Bulaq has the strange addition of "the Buyid Nizam-al-mulk," which perhaps is a mistake of Ibn Khaldun's first draft? The Buyid he would have had in mind could be Taj-al-mulk (Taj-ad-dawlah), but the Kakoyid 'Ala'­ad-dawlah, ruler of Isfahan, who was Avicenna's patron in his later years, would be more likely.

1021

Qur'an 16.8 (8).

1022

Cf. Bombaci, p. 461.

1023

Bulaq: "The judgments . . . are universal and general."

1024

"But . . . intelligibilia" is found only in Bulaq, but, in view of pp. 137 f. and 247, above, and p. sto, below, appears to be the correct text.

1025

Cf. p. 169, above.

1026

The remainder of the sentence is not found in Bulaq.

1027

Cf. 1:207 ff., and pp. 103 ft., above. For wijdani in this passage, cf. the remark made in n. 277 to Ch. 1, above.

1028

Cf. p. 144, above.

1029

S. van den Bergh, Umriss der Muhammedanischen Wissenschaften nach Ibn Haldun (Leiden, 1912), p. 26, suggests Plato's Timaeus as the source of this quotation, apparently referring to Timaeus 28 C: "It is difficult to find out about the maker and father of this universe, and it is impossible for anyone who has found out about him, to tell everybody else." Clement of Alexandria, after quoting this passage, adds: "For he cannot be named like all the other things that can be known." Cf. Stromateis, ed. Stahlin, II, 377. Porphyry, in his Philosophus Historia, ascribes to Plato the belief that "one cannot give (the one God) a fitting name, nor can human understanding encompass Him, and the names by which the moderns address Him are metaphorical expressions (katachristikos katigorein)." Cf. Cyrillus Contra Julianum xxii (p. 549 A of the ed. Migne); F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente dergriechischen Historiker, II, 1211. The passage from Porphyry seems to be the ultimate source of Ibn Khaldun. (Cf., in general, H. A. Wolfson, "The Knowability and Describability of God in Plato and Aristotle," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, LVI-LVII [1947], 233-49.)

1030

Cf. Bombaci, p. 462.

1031

Cf. Issawi, pp. 176-79.

1032

Cf., for instance, pp. 81 f., above.

1033

Cf. Bombaci, p. 462.

1034

Cf. p. 139, above.

1035

"In this world" is not found in Bulaq.

1036

I.e., promised by Islam as the reward of the believer in the other world.

1037

Cf. p. 37, above.

1038

Qur'an 23.36 (38). The verse is meant to apply here to the false promises of the philosophers.

1039

This quotation has been traced by E. I. J. Rosenthal to Avicenna De Almahad (Venice, 1546). Cf. al-Andalus, XX (1955), p. 80. The Risalah adhawiyah fi amr al-ma'ad (Cairo, 1368/1949) contains nothing that could properly be compared to Ibn Khaldun's summary.

1040

Bulaq corrects "people of the world" to "scholars."

1041

I.e., the craft of logic or philosophy, and not "they" referring to "doctrines and opinions."

1042

Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV6 (1869), 166 f. Ibn Khaldun expressed himself in a similar vein with regard to the Qur'an commentary by az-Zamakhshari; cf. 2:447, above.

1043

Qur'an 7.48 (41).