721

Medicine was treated as a craft above, 2:373 II.

722

This reference to Galen's De usu partium is added in C and D. Cf. also 1:90, above.

723

The Arabs had more historically accurate data on Galen's life, but the misinformation that Ibn Khaldun presents was widely known, although usually rejected as wrong. Cf. R. Walzer, Galen on Jews and Christians (Oxford, 1949), pp. 92 ff.; G. Levi Della Vida in Journal of the American Oriental Society, LXX (1950), 184. Cf, also Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'at al-zaman, Pt. II (MS. Koprulu, photostat Cairo, Egyptian Library, ta'rikh 551, pp. 41 f., III, 114), who refers to Pseudo-Ghazzali, Sirr al-'alamayn. Cf., further, 'Ibar, II, 188; and, most recently, G. Vajda in Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves, XIII (1953), pp. 641-52.

724

Muhammad b. Zakariya' (Rhazes), 251-313 [865-925]. Cf. GAL, I, 233 ff.; Suppl., I, 417 ff.

725

'Ali b. al-'Abbas [tenth century]. Cf. GAL, I, 237; Suppl., I, 423.

726

Abd-al-Malik b. Zuhr (Avenzoar), d. 557 [1162]. Cf. GAL, I, 487; Suppl., I, 890.

727

Actually, medicine is considered a basic craft (2:355 f., above), though one needed only in cities. See 2:376 f., above.

728

For this legendary physician, whose lifetime is said to have spanned the period from Muhammad to Mu'awiyah, cf. Ibn Abi Usaybi'ah, I,109-13; tr. B. R. Sanguinetti, Journal asiatique, V 5 (1855), 403-19. Ibn Khallikan, tr. W. M. de Slane, IV, 253 f. Some of the stories connected with him are reproduced in C. Elgood, A Medical History of Persia (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 66-68.

Muhammad had advised some people to try a different method of fecundation, but his method proved a failure. Cf. I. Goldziher, Die Zahiriten, pp. 82 f.