263

The section on the principles of jurisprudence has been translated by J: D. Luciani, "La Theorie du droit musulman (Ougoul el fiqh) d'apres Ibn Khaldun" in Revue africaine, LXIX (1928), 49-64.

264

Luciani suggests "les dispositions deja consacrees" = "precedent cases," but nusus "texts" evidently refers here to the established texts of the Qur'an and the Sunnah.

265

As, for instance, 'urf "common usage," or some subdivisions of the use of opinion, such as istislah "considerations of the general welfare." Cf. I. Goldziher, Die Zahiriten, pp. 204-6; J. Schacht in EI, s.v. "Usul."

266

Leg. fa-li-l-ijma`?

267

Cf. 2:447 f., above.

268

For bayan, cf. pp. 332 ff., below.

269

Cf., for instance, p. 346, below.

270

Cf. Bombaci, p. 454.

271

Cf p. 331, below. The statement means what it says, even though in jurisprudence, analogical reasoning occasionally leads to deducing some particular meaning for a word that it is not otherwise known to have.

272

Cf. Ibn Hazm, al-Ihkam fi usu1 al-ahkam (Cairo, 1845-48/1926-80), I, 51. "Zayd and `Amr came" may mean that they came together, or that the one came earlier or later-by some indefinite measure of time-than the other. The Mahsul of Fakhr-ad-din ar-Razi, with which Ibn Khaldun was well acquainted, contains lengthy discussions of this and the other principles mentioned.

273

Cf., for instance, I. Goldziher, Die Zahiriten, pp. 71 ff.

274

Cf. p. 4, above. Luciani, op. cit., p. 59 (n. 9), translates the Arabic term as "disposition formelle indiquant la raison d'une qualification."

275

Cf., for instance, 2:444, above.

276

This refers to the principle mentioned on p. 27.

277

Abdallah ('Ubaydallah) b. 'Umar, d. 430 [1038/39]. Cf. GAL, I, 175; Suppl., I, 296 f.

278

Abd-al-Jabbar b. Ahmad al-Asadabadi, d. 415 [1025]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 343 f. The title of the work is given as above in A, B, C, and D, with A, C, and D also indicating the vocalization. Bulaq reads al-'Ahd.

279

Muhammad b. 'All, d. 436 [1044]. Cf., for instance, al-Khatib al­Baghdadi, Ta'rikh Baghdad, III, l00; Ibn al-Jawzi, Muntazam, VIII, 126 f.; Ibn Hajar, Lisan al-Mizan, V, 298; Ibn al-'Imad, Shadharat, III, 259.

280

Cf. GAL, I, 506 (No. 3), and above, 1:402.

281

Ali b. Abi 'Ali, d. 631 [1233]. Cf. GAL, I, 393; suppl., I, 678. Cf. P. 148, below.

282

Mahmud b. Abi Bakr, 594-682 [1197/98-1283]. Cf. GAL, I, 467; Suppl., I, 848 f., 921.

283

Muhammad b. al-Hasan, d. 656 [1258]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 921.

284

Cf. 2:429 (n. 49), above.

285

Abdallah b. 'Umar, thirteenth century. Cf. GAL, I, 416 ff.; Suppl., I, 738 ff.

286

Cf. p. 19, above.

287

Ali b. Muhammad, d. 482 [10891. Cf. GAL, I, 373; Suppl., I, 637f. He is usually called Fakhr-al-Islam.

288

Ahmad b. 'Ali, d. after 1291. Cf. GAL, I, 982 f.; Suppl., I, 658.

289

I. Goldziher's suggestion, Die Zahiriten, p. 27 (n. 1), that the subject be investigated in its bibliographical aspect, has not yet been followed up.

290

Cf. p. 3, above.

291

Cf., for instance, 2:433, above.

292

Cf. al-Murtada, lthaf as-sadah (Cairo, 1311/1893-94), 1, 43:. ".. , al-Ma'dkhidh on controversial questions existing between Hanafites and Shafi'ites." C and D seem to suggest the reading al-Ma'khadh (?).

293

Cf, p. 10 (n. 186), above.

294

Cf. p. 14 (n. 214), above.

295

Cf. Bombaci, p. 454. It does not seem quite certain whether Mukhtasar is a title or just refers to a "brief" work on the subject.

296

Makhsuman, as in A, B, and C.

297

Cf. Bombaci, p. 455.

298

Muhammad b. Muhammad, d. 615 [1218]. Cf. GAL, I, 439 f.; suppl., I, 785 f.

299

His priority is stated by Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat (Cairo, 1299/1882), II, 270 f.; tr. W. M. de Slane (Paris, 1843-71), II, 660; also by 'Abd-al­Qadir al-Qurashi, al-Jawahir al-mudiyah (Hyderabad, 1332/1913-14), II, 128.

300

Umar b. Muhammad, d. 537 (1142]. Cf. GAL, I, 427 f.; Suppl., I, 758 ff.

301

Qur'an 12.21 (21).