|
|
|
167 |
"And especially . . . concepts"
added in D, while the whole sentence is a marginal addition in C. |
|
168 |
as-Suyuli,
Itqan (Cairo,
1317/1899), II, 2ff. (Ch. XLIII),
and below, pp. 55 ff. |
|
169 |
Cf.
2:461,
above. |
|
170 |
An-nass 'ala
l 'illah
occurs again below, p. 27. |
|
171 |
As de
Slane suspected in his note to this passage, the purpose of the sentence
is to show that the Z, ahirites used analogy in a certain sense, but
only in cases where the texts of the Qur'an and the Sunnah seem to imply
its use.
A
translation of the sentence is given by I. Goldziher, Die Zahiriten
(Leipzig, 1884), p. 30. If I understand his translation
correctly, the main difference between it and the translation above is
at the end, where Goldziher says, ". . . because causality [Gesetzesursache]
mentioned in the text, wherever it occurs, is but the
determination of a concrete law (not the determination of a legal
principle)."
Bombaci,
p. 454, translates, "They considered `evident' analogy and the ratio
legis resulting from a text in the same way as the (explicit) norms
of the texts, in that a text indicating the determining motive is in
each case equivalent to a text establishing a norm." (Thus, they
completely excluded analogy from the sources.)
My
italics indicate where I believe Goldziher and Bombaci to have gone
wrong, by misunderstanding mahalliha.
|
|
172 |
For Dawud
b. 'Ali, 202-270 [817/18-884], and his son Muhammad, 255-297
[869-910], cf. GAL, 1,
185 f.;
Suppl.,
I, 312
and 249 f. |
|
173 |
Cf. p. I 15, below, where the MSS clearly
favor mukhalladah, and not mujalladah
"bound." Mukhalladah
"eternal" is a common epithet of books. |
|
174 |
I. Goldziher, Die Zahiriten, pp. 193
f., suggests that Ibn Khaldun was thinking of a contemporary revival of
Zahirism in Syria and Egypt. This seems rather improbable. |
|
175 |
Cf. 1:414, above. |
|
176 |
Yatagayyaddna:
B. The reading yattafiquna "they
agreed upon," in A, C, and D, seems to be a simplification. In C it
appears to be a correction, though the photostat is not clear enough to
say so definitely. |
|
177 |
Bulaq
adds: "and assent by silence . . ." The passage appears in the margin of
C, and it seems that wa-tagririhi
appears
there but has been deleted. Cf. D. Santillana,
Istituzioni di diritto musulmano
malichita
(Rome,
[1926]-38), 1, 36
f. |
|
178 |
For
istijhab,
cf. I.
Goldziher in Wiener Zeitschrift
fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, I (1887),
228-36;
D.
Santillana, op. cit., II, 621-23.
The Muslim
definition of this legal concept runs as follows: "It is the attempt to
associate the present (legal situation) with the past by judging the
present in the same way as the past is judged, with the result that (the
legal situation) is left as it had been, for the reason that no evidence
to change it has been found." Cf. at-Tahanawi,
Kashshaf istilahat al funun
(Bibliotheca Indica) (Calcutta, 1862), I, 809 f. |
|
179 |
Instead
of Hadith
scholars,
D has "independent scholars." |
|
180 |
Cf.
Bombaci, p. 454. |
|
181 |
Bulaq
adds: "because his school makes little use of independent judgment and
is so greatly predicated upon the support of transmission and
traditions." |
|
182 |
C and D:
"and." |
|
183 |
The rest of
the paragraph is not found in A and Bulaq. |
|
184 |
The rest
of the paragraph is not found in B. It appears in the margin of C, and
in the text of D. |
|
185 |
Cf. pp.
23 fi., below. |
|
186 |
Muhammad b. 'Abdallah al-Ishbili,
d. 543 [1148]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 732 f., where his work on
controversial questions, and his Travels, are mentioned. |
|
187 |
Sulaymin b. Khalaf, eleventh century.
Cf.
GAL, I,
419;
Suppl., I,
743 f. In MS. D, the order of the
names Ibn al-'Arabi and al-Baji is reversed. |
|
188 |
Abdallah b.
'Abd-al-Hakam, d. 214 1830], and his sons 'Abd-arRahmin,d.257 [871],
'Abd-al-Hakam, d. 851/52, and Muhammad, 182-268 [798-882]. The last
named was a student of ash-Shaft i who, after ash-Shifi'i's death,
switched to Malikism. Cf. GAL, I, 148;
Suppl.,
I, 227 f.; as-Suyuti, Husn al-muhddarah
(Cairo, 1299/1881-82), I, 166 f., 169, 254. |
|
189 |
One would expect "a number of Egyptians,"
but the text hardly permits such an interpretation. |
|
190 |
Yusuf b. Yahya, d. 231 or 232 [845-47]. Cf. al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Ta'rikh Baghdad (Cairo,
1349/1931), XIV, 299 ff. |
|
191 |
Ismail b. Yahya, d. 264 [878]. Cf. GAL,
I,
180;
Suppl.,
I, 305. |
|
192 |
The reference to Malikites is out of
place here, being induced by the preceding reference to the 'Abd-al-Hakam
family, who wavered between Shafi'ism and Malikism. |
|
193 |
The beginning of this sentence is not
found in Bulaq. |
|
194 |
Ashab b. 'Abd-al-'Aziz, 140-204
[757/58-820]. Cf. as-Suyuti, Husn al-muhddarah, I, 166. |
|
195 |
Abd-ar-Rahman b. al-Qasim, 132-191
[719-806]. Cf. GAL, I,
176 f.;
suppl.,
I, 299. |
|
196 |
Muhammad b. Ibrahim, d. 281 [894]. Cf. GAL,
1,177;
Suppl.,
I, 300. |
|
197 |
154-250 [771--864]. Cf. as-Suyuti,
op. cit., I,
168. His son Ahmad, 239-311
[853/54-923/24], is mentioned by as-Suyuti, I, 255. |
|
198 |
Muhammad b. al-Qasim, d. 355 [966]. Cf.
Ibn Farhun, Dibaj (Fez, 1316/1898-99), pp. 231 f.; as-Suyuti, op.
cit., I, 172. The reference to Ibn Sha'ban is not found in Bulaq.
"Abu Ishaq" is omitted in D. |
|
199 |
The text from here to 1. 15 (Egypt) is
not found in Bulaq. Cf. pp. 17 f., below. |
|
200 |
Abd-al-Wahhab b. 'Ali, 362-422
[973-1031]. Cf. GAL,
Suppl., I,
660. Ibn Bassam mentions 'Abd-al-Wahhab's
lack of success in Baghdad in the Dhakhirah. Cf. Ibn al-'Imad,
Shadharat adh-dhahab (Cairo, 1350-51/ 1931-33), III, 223 f.; Ibn
Farhun, Dibaj (Cairo, 1351/1932), p. 159. |
|
201 |
Fa-badara,
as in B. The wrong reading
fa-ta'adhdhana in C and D entered Dozy's Supplement aux
dictionnaires arabes, I, 15. |
|
202 |
"Extremist" is not found in D. |
|
203 |
This sentence follows in B the
sentence that is here next. |
|
204 |
Abd-al-Karim
b. Mubammad, d. 623 [1226]. Cf. GAL, I, 393; Suppl., I,
678. The "book" is the Kitab al-Mubarrar. The 'Iraq is evidently
"the non-Arab 'Iraq." |
|
205 |
Abd-al-'Aziz b. `Abd-as-Salam, 577-660
[1181/82-1262]. Cf. GAL,
I, 430 f.; suppl., I, 766 ff. |
|
206 |
Ahmad b. Muhammad, 645-710
[1247/48-1310]. Cf. GAL, II, 133 f.;
Suppl.,
II, 164. |
|
207 |
Muhammad b. 'Ali, 625-702 [1228-1302].
Cf. GAL, II,
63; Suppl., II, 66.
|
|
208 |
Ali b. `Abd-al-Kafi, 683 [1284] to 755 or 756 [1354/55].
Cf. GAL, II, 86 ff.;
Suppl.,
II, 102 ff. |
|
209 |
Umar b. Raslan, 724-805 [1324-14031. Cf. GAL, II, 93;
Suppl., II, 110.
|
|
210 |
Isma'il
b. Ishaq, 199 or 200 [814-16] to 282 [896]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I,
273, and above, 1:38. The "men of his class" ("his contemporaries"),
however, lived a century after him. |
|
211 |
Abu 'Abdallah (Bakr) Mubammad b. Abmad, a
pupil of al-Abhari. Cf. I. Goldziher in Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenlindischen Gesellschaft, LVIII (1904), 582-85; Ibn Farhun,
Dibaj (Cairo ed.), p. 268. According to Goldziher, the correct form
of his name would be Ibn Khuwayrmand Ad, and that is precisely what we
find in Bulaq. The existence of both forms is acknowledged by Ibn Hajar,
Lisan al-Mizan (Hyderabad, 1329-31/1911-13), V, 291 f. Cf.
also al-Safadi, Wafl,
ed. S. Dedering (Istanbul,
1949), II, 52. |
|
212 |
Ibn al-Muntab is not identical with
either of the two brothers of this name, `Abdallah and 'Uthmin b. 'Amr,
who lived in the tenth century. He figures as a pupil of Judge Ismail,
teacher of al-Abhari, and contemporary of a man who died in 303
[916/16]. Cf. Ibn Farhun, Dibdj (Cairo ed.), pp. 93, 156,
255. |
|
213 |
Muhammad b.
'Abdallah, 289-375 [902-9861. Cf.
al-Khatib
alBaghdadi,
Ta'rikh Baghdad, V,
462 f.;
Ibn al-Jawzi,
Muntazam
(Hyderabad, 1357-/1938-), VII, 131. |
|
214 |
Ali b.
Ahmad, d. 898 [1007/1008]. Cf. Ibn Farhun,
Dibaj
(Cairo
ed.), p. 199; GAL,
Suppl., I,
660 (No.
15);
11, 963
(No. 49). Cf.
also
below, p. 32. |
|
215 |
Not in D.
For 'Abd-al-Wahhab and the following four men, cf.
p. 11,
above. |
|
216 |
Died 234 or 236 [848-851]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I,
297; Ibn
Hajar,
Tahdhib
(Hyderabad, 1325-27/1907-9),
XI, 300 f. The passage concerning Yahya is
found only in C (in the margin) and D. |
|
217 |
Died 238 or
239 [853/541. Cf. GAL, I,
149
f.; Suppl., I,
231. |
|
218 |
Muhammad b. Ahmad, d. 235 [8691. Cf. GAL, I,
177;
suppl., I, 900 f. Cf.
also
below, p. 286. |
|
219 |
Born
between 142 and 145 [759-63], died in 213 or 214 [828-30]. Cf.
Ibn
Farhun, Dibaj
(Cairo
ed.), p. 98. |
|
220 |
Abd-as-Salam b. Sa'id, Sahnun or Subnun, 160-240 [776/77-854]. Cf. GAL,
Suppl.,
I, 299
f. |
|
221 |
Or Ibn al-Qasim's problems. |
|
222 |
Cf.
1:223,
above. |
|
223 |
Khalaf b. Abul-Qasim (wrote in 372 [982]). Cf. GAL, I,
178;
Suppl.,
I, 302. The reading Baradhi'i, and not Baradi'i, is indicated in B
and C in
this case, though not in the later occurrence of the name, below, p.
286. |
|
224 |
Abu 'Abdallah b. Yunus,
ca.
1100.
Cf. GAL,
Suppl., I,
663; II,
963 (No. 53). D. Santillana,
Istituzioni di
diritto musulmano malichita, II,
651, has Abu
Bakr Muhammad b. 'Abdallah b. Yunus, d. 451 [1059]. |
|
225 |
Ali b. 'Abdallah, d. 478 [10851. Cf. GAL, I,
383;
Suppl., 300, 661. D. Santillana, op.
cit., II, 651,
has 'All b. Muhammad. |
|
226 |
Abul-Qasim,
a contemporary of the following Tunisi. Cf.
Ibn
Farhun, Dibaj
(Cairo
ed.), pp. 39, 120. |
|
227 |
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Hasan, died "at the beginning of the disturbances in
al-Qayrawan," i.e., during the Arab attacks against the city in the
1050's-possibly in 447 [1055/56] when al-Mu'izz withdrew, or 449 [1057/581
when the Arabs sacked it. Cf. Ibn Farhun,
Dibaj
(Cairo
ed.), PP. 88 f. |
|
228 |
He
apparently is identical with Ibrahim b. 'Abd-as-Samad, who lived
ca.
1100.
Cf. Ibn Farhun, op. cit., p. 87, who does not, however, mention
his work on the Mudawwanah.
Cf.
GAL, Suppl., I,
300; II,
960 (No. 22). For this passage, see also below, p. 288. |
|
229 |
Muhammad
b. Ahmad, 450-520 [1058-1126], the philosopher's grandfather. Cf. GAL,
I,
384;
Suppi., I, 300, 662. |
|
230 |
The lower
text (in italics) is that of Bulaq and A, the upper (between asterisks)
that of B, C, and D. |
|
231 |
Mutarrif b. 'Ali, 128 [745/46] to
ca.
214
[829], son of one of Malik's sisters. Cf. Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib, X,
175 f. |
|
232 |
Abd-al-Malik
b. 'Abd-al-'Aziz, d. 212 or 214 [827-291. Cf. Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib,
VI,
407-409,
where 'Abd-al-Malik b. Uabib is mentioned as one of Ibn al-Majishun's
students. |
|
233 |
Asbagh b. al-Faraj, d. 226 [840]. Cf. Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib, I,
361 f.
|
|
234 |
Ahmad b. Muhammad, d. 309 [921/221. Cf, as-Suyuti, H, usn
almuhadarah, I,
255. C
vocalizes Ibn Muyassir. |
|
235 |
B has Ibn al-Labib. No information on him is available to me. |
|
236 |
Al-Hasan
b. 'Atiq, 547-632 [1152/53-1234/35). Cf. as-Suyuti,
op. cit., I, 259.
|
|
237 |
Cf p.
11, above. |
|
238 |
Cf. 1:83,
above. |
|
239 |
Sanad b. 'Inan, d. 541
[1146/47]. Cf. Ibn Farbun,
Dibaj (Cairo ed.), pp. 126
f.; as-Suyuti, op. cit., I,
257. The Tiraz was a
commentary on the Mudawwanah in thirty volumes, which he did not
live to complete. |
|
240 |
Ismail b. Makki, 485-581
(1092-11851. Cf. as-Suyuti,
op.
cit., I,
257
f.; Ibn al-'Imid, Shadharat,
IV, 268.
This member of the 'Awf family,
however, died too early for Ibn al-Hajib to have been his student. |
|
241 |
Cf. 2:429 (n. 49), above. |
|
242 |
"'Ubaydid (-Fatimid)" added by C (in the
margin) and D. |
|
243 |
Cf. p. 12,
above. |
|
244 |
Abdallah b. 'Abd-ar-Rahman, 589-669
[1199-1270/71]. Cf. GAL,
Suppl., I, 900;
as-Suyuti, Husn
al-muhddarah, I,
260.
Ibn Khaldun writes Sharimsahi
without the long vowel in the first syllable. There existed a place name
Shirmasib in Arabia (cf. Yiqut,
Mu jam al-buldan,
ed. Wustenfeld [Gottingen, 1866-75],
III, 280), but the one to which
the nisbah here refers is the large village Sharimsab, so
vocalized in the Wustenfeld edition of Yaqut, III, 282.
Cf. also Ibn Fartun, Dibaj
(Cairo ed.), pp. 142
f. |
|
245 |
Abdallah b. Najm, d. 616
[1219]. Cf. GAL,
suppl.,
I, 598; Ibn Kathir, Bidayah (Cairo,
1351-58/1932-40), XIII, 86;
as-Suyuti, op.
cit.,
I, 258. |
|
246 |
Abd-al-Karim b. 'Ata'llah, d. 612
[end of 1265
or beginning of 1266].
Cf. as-Suyuti,
op.
cit., I,
260. |
|
247 |
Uthman b. 'Umar, d. 646
[12491. Cf GAL, I, 303 ff.;
Suppl., I,
581
ff. |
|
248 |
Possibly referring back to 2:429?
The Mukhtasar is mentioned
in the Autobiography, pp.
16 f., 59.
Cf. below, pp. 29 f. and 396. |
|
249 |
Cf. 2:428
f., above. |
|
250 |
Muhammad b.
'Abdallah al-Qafsi, d. 736
[1335/36].
Cf. Ahmad Baba,
Nayl
(Cairo,
1x29/1911), pp. 295 f., as quoted by
D. Santillana, Istituzioni
di diritto
musulmano malichita, II,
650;
GAL, Suppl., II,
963
(No. 5o); II, 1041
(No. 45). |
|
251 |
Abdallah b.
Muhammad, 609-702
[1207-1303]. Cf.
Autobiography, pp. 19, 306.
|
|
252 |
Qur'an 2.142
(136), etc. |
|
253 |
Treated
again among the intellectual sciences as a part of arithmetic, pp. 127
ff., below. |
|
254 |
De Slane
explains the situation as follows: A and B are heirs. A acknowledges a third
heir, C; B does not. The estate is distributed between A and B, as if
they were the only heirs. Then, the individual shares are figured for A,
B, and C as heirs, and C receives his share from A's original share.
|
|
255 |
His
identity is not clear to me. Perhaps, he is Ahmad b. 'Abdallah, who died
in 447 [1055/56]? |
|
256 |
Ahmad b. Muhammad
b. Khalaf, d. 588 [1192]. Cf. GAL, I, 384;
Suppl.,
I, 663. Cf.
also H. P. J. Renaud in Hespiris, XXV
(1938), 39. |
|
257 |
There is a
well-known work that would fit the description, the
Ja'diyah
by Abu Muhammad
al-Hasan b. 'All b. Ja'd al-Sigilli, mentioned by Hajji Khalifah. However,
Ibn Khaldun would not have quoted an incorrect title, and his al-Ja'di
still remains unidentified. He is mentioned again p. 129, below. |
|
258 |
He lived in the
first half of the eleventh century. Cf. 'Ibar, VII, 43; de Slane
(tr.), III, 267. |
|
259 |
For these men cf
again pp. 128 f., below. |
|
260 |
Cf. n. 226
to Ch. in, above. |
|
261 |
Cf. D. Santillana,
op. cit.,
II, 497. Cf. also p. 128, below. |
|
262 |
Abmad b. 'Abdallah, 336-430
[948-1038]. Cf. GAL, I, 362;
Suppl., I, 616
f. His Musnad is preserved in MS,
but was not available. |
|
262a |
"To determine," rather than "to
apportion," is the intended meaning of taqdir,
according to Ibn al-Athir, Nihayah
(Cairo, 1322/1904), III, 210; Lisan al-'Arab
(Bulaq, 1300-1308/1882-90), IX, 67. Qa(' is
to be understood in its literal meaning, "to cut, to cut off." Cf.
the Arabic and general Semitic root p/f-r-s.
|
|
|