37

For elementary and higher education, see also 3:299 ff., and, esp., 6:300 ff., below.

38

Cf. Issawi, pp. 144 f.

39

Cf. pp. 949 ff., above.

40

Ibn Khaldun refers to the destruction of Almohad rule by the Merinid Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in 1269.

41

Abul-Qasim (this is his given name) b. Abi Bakr, born in 621 [12241, traveled in the East in 648 and 656 [1251 and 125,8], and died in 691 [1292]. Cf. R. Brunschvig, La Berberie orientate, II, 989.

42

Marginal note in B: "This is the imam Fakhr-ad-din ar-Razi." Cf. 1:402, above.

43

Muhammad b. Shu'ayb al-Haskurt, d. 664 [1225]. The ethnical de­nomination ad-Dukkali seems to be an error. Cf. R. Brunschvig, loc. cit. However, Ibn Khaldun also calls him Dukkali in the Autobiography, pp. 98 f.

44

Cf. 1:xxxix, above. He was, of course, not personally a pupil of Ibn al-Hijib.

45

The famous author of grammatical and legal textbooks studied by Ibn Khaldun, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman b. al-Hajib, d. 646 [1249]. Cf. GAL, I, 303 ff.; suppl., I, 531 ff.

46

The two brothers, Abu Zayd'Abd-ar-Rahman, d. 743 [1342/43], and Abu Musa 'Isa, d, in the plague of 1348/49. On the former's date, cf. Ibn Farhun, Dibaj, p. 152. They belonged to the generation that taught Ibn Khaldun's teachers. Cf. the Autobiography, pp. 28-31, and the literature quoted there.

47

Mansur b. Ahmad, ca. 632-731 [1235-1330/31]. Cf. R. Brunschvig, op. cit., II, 289. The vocalization Mashaddali is suggested in the Autobiography, p. 59, and by as-Sakhawi, ad-Daw' al-lami' (Cairo, 1353-56/ 1934-36), VIII, 290. Cf. also 3:19 below.

48

The word "east" is found in C and D.

49

Ahmad b. Idris, d. 684 [1285]. Cf. GAL, I, 385; suppl., I, 665 f.; also A. M. Sayili in Isis, XXXII (194o), 16-26.

50

Imran b. Musa, 670-745 [1271/72-1344/45], who was a pupil and son-in-law of Nasir-ad-din, Cf. Ibn al-Khatib, al-Ihatah, II, 143, and the Autobiography, p. 59.

51

Qur'an 12.21 (21).

52

Cf. Issawi, pp. 50-52, 145.

53

Bulaq adds: "it was their original nature which made the people of the

East more awake and clever, and ..."

54

Bulaq adds: "They were biased and partial in this respect                ."

55

Cf. 1:169 and 171, above.

56

Cf. pp. 406 f., above,

57

Cf. R. Dozy in Journal asiatique, XIV 6 (1869), 164.

58

Cf pp. 348 f., above.

59

Cf. pp. 406 f., above.

60

Cf. pp. 406 f., above.

61

Ibn Khaldun apparently refers to what he said at the beginning of the chapter, p. 427, above. Or, the reference may be to statements such as those made on pp. 353 f., or pp. 266 f.

62

Qur'an 35.1 (1).