156

Cf. pp. 6 and 356, above.

157

Cf. Issawi, pp. 145-49.

158

Cf. pp. 947 ff., above.

159

Cf. 8:802, below.

160

A1-hiss. Cf. p. 886,1. 15, below.

161

This paragraph is not found in Bulaq. In C it still appears in the margin.

162

Cf. 3:318, below.

163

The Arabic words can hardly mean (as de Slane suggested) that there was a great difference between the two dynasties. Ibn Khaldun probably was thinking of the supposedly brief duration of the Lakhmid dynasty in al­Hirah.

164

Cf. Ibn an-Nadim, Fihrist, p. 4 (ed. Flugel); p. 7 (Cairo, 1348/1929­so); al-Suli, Adab al-kuttab (Cairo, 1341/1922), p. so; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat, tr. de Slane, II, 284, quoted by Ibn Kathir, Biddyah, XII, 14 f. Sufyan, a brother of lfarb, is not usually mentioned in this connection.

165

The quotation from Ibn al-Abbar is added in the margin of C, and appears in the text of D.

166

Ibn Farrukh was born in 115 [733/34] and died in 175 1791/92] or 176 [792/93]. Cf. Ibn al-Abbar, Takmilah, ed. F. Codera (Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana, No. 6) (Madrid, 1889), II, 431-33; Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, V, 356 f.

167

He was born in 74 or 75 [693-95], or not long before that, and died between 156 and 161 1772-78]. Cf. Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, VI, 173 ff. For his father, cf. al-Bukhari, Ta'rikh, II 1, 315; Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, III, 354.

168

The name occurs in the legend of Hud, as reported in at-Tabart, Annales, ed. M. J. de Goeje et al., I, 241 f.; al-Mas'udi, Muruj adh-dhahab, III, 295; and in ath-Tha'labi, Qiyas al-anbiya', but not as that of Hud's scribe. The second verse is quoted in a somewhat different form in al-Hamdini, Ik1il, ed. O. Lofgren (Bibliotheca Ekmaniana, No. 58:1) (Uppsala, 1954), p. 43. For the first verse, cf. a1-Mas'udi, Tanbih (Cairo, 1938), p. 72.

169

As a matter of fact, in the Takmilah the transmitters down to Ibn Yunus are mentioned after the story, and those from Ibn Yunus down to Ibn Farrukh are mentioned before it.

170

Sufyan b. al-'Ali, 440-520 [1048/49-1126]. Cf. Ibn Bashkuwal, Si1ah, ed. F. Codera (Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana, No. 2) (Madrid, 1883), pp. 229 f.

171

Hisham b. Abmad, d. 489 [10961. Cf. E. Levi-Provengal, La Pininsule Ibirique (Leiden, 1938), pp. 237 f. (tr.).

172

Ahmad b. Mubammad, 340-429 [951/52-1038]. Cf. Ibn Bashkuwal, $ilah, pp. 47 ff.

173

The historian Abu Bakr b. Mufarrij (or Mufarraj?) al-Qubbashi studied with him. Cf. Ibn Bashkuwal, Salah, p. 137. However, I have been unable to identify the above person with any known bearer of this not uncommon name.

174

The well-known historian 'Abd-ar-Rahman b. Abmad b. Yunus, 281­347 [894/95-958]. Cf. Ibn Kathir, Biddyah, XI, 233. The reference to him is an addition in C and is not found in D.

175

Cf. 3:282, below.

176

The passages quoted are from Qur'an 27.21 (21) and 51.47 (47), respectively. Cf. also p. 442, below. For the explanation given in connection with the second passage, cf. as-Suyuti, Itqan (Cairo, 1317/1899), II, 168. As­Suyuli's source is Abul-'Abbas al-Marrakushi (Ibn al-Banni'), 'Unwan ad­dalil fi marsum khatt at-tanzil. Cf. n. 863 to Ch. ", above. This older work dealt with interpretation of orthographic peculiarities in the Qur'an. Works such as this were certainly the textbooks on the subject used in the environment in which Ibn Khaldun grew up.

177

Cf. pp. 348 and 356, above.

178

Lit., "the sciences that have their conventional technical terminologies." B reads al-islahiyah.

179

A1-kitab, rather than al-kuttab "secretaries." Bulaq has the simpler al-kitabah.

180

This paragraph is not in Bulaq, A, or E, which have: "The Baghdadi script had a well-known form. It was followed by the Ifrigi script...." C originally had the same, but replaced it by the fuller text added in the margin.

181

Muhammad b. 'Ali, 272-328 [886-940]. Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 493 f.; M. Torki, "Un Texte inedit attribue a Ibn Mogla," in Actes du XVIIIe Congris International des Orientalistes (Leiden, 1932), pp. 243 f. The reference to Ibn Muqlah is a secondary addition in C and is found in D, but it is missing in B.

182

Cf. p. 388, below.

183

Ibn Khaldun uses here the expression "third century" in the sense of "the three hundreds," i.e., the fourth century.

184

He died in 698 [1298/99], or possibly some years later. Cf. GAL, I, 353; Suppl., I, 698; F. Krenkow in Islamic Culture, XXII (1948), 86 f.

185

He is Abul-Hasan `Ali b. Zengi, known as al-Wali al-'Ajami. Cf. Murtada az-Zabidi, Hikmat al-ishraq ila kuttab al-afaq (Nawadir al-makhtu­lat, No. 5) (Cairo, 1373/1954), pp. 86, 88.

186

Cf. p. 378 (n. 160), above.

187

Cf. 1:xxxv f., above.

188

Yafiduna, as clearly written in B and C.

189

Bulaq: "the best representative."

190

Cf. pp. 349 ff., above.

191

Qur'an 13.41 (41).

192

The remainder of the section is a later addition, found in C on an inserted sheet and incorporated in the text of D.

193

He died in 418 [1022). Cf. GAL, Suppl., I, 434.

194

However, the meter is hamil.

195

C and D: wa-t-taghbir "being soiled with dust."

196

Hardly: "unsheathing for it a resolution ..."

197

Lit., "you will become the possessor (rabb) of."

198

That is, this world.

199

Qur'an 55.9-4 (2-5).

200

Instead of mutawadi' one would expect mutawada 'alay(ha), in the meaning required.

201

I.e., abbreviations, both of individual words and groups of words.

202

Dhawihim, as in C and D.

203

Lit., their means of perception.