102

Cf. Issawi, pp. 83 f. 355

103

Cf. p. 6, above, and p. 977, below; and, for instance, F. Rosenthal, "Abu Haiyan al-Tawhidi on Penmanship," Ars Islamica, XIII-XIV (1948), 11.

104

Rabi'ah seems to be the reading of all MSS. The three orders of ex­istence referred to here are the mineral, plant, and animal worlds. Bulaq reads rafi'ah "lifts up the (various) orders of existence toward the ideas."

105

Qur'an 16.86 (86); 96.81 (81).