614

Cf. 1:303 and 306, above.

614a

One may compare the three reasons for war admitted by the tenth­century philosopher Abu 1-hasan al_'Amiri (cf. F. Rosenthal in The Islamic Quarterly, III [1956], 49), and the seven causes of war enumerated in the early fourteenth century by al-'Abbasb in his Athar al-uwal fi tartib ad-duwal (Cairo, 1295/1878), p. 168 (Sec. 4, Ch. vii).

615

Qur'an 61.4 (4).

616

Cf. Concordance, I, 223a, II. 51f.

617

Cf., for instance, Ibn Abi Zayd, Risalah, ed. L. Bercher (sd ed.; Algiers, 1949), pp. 162 f.: "Fleeing in the face of the enemy is a great sin, be they twice the number of the Muslims or less. If they be more than that, it is not wrong to (flee)."

618

Cf. p. 77, below.

619

Bulaq adds: "which they called 'regiments.' Each regiment had its own lines."

620

Lit., "heart."

621

Bulaq adds: "and insignia."

622

Bulaq adds: "and parallel to."

623

Cf. p. 68, above.

624

However, according to European historians, the Muslim army that fought before al-Mahd1yah in 1990 comprised between 40,000 and 60,000 men. Cf. R. Brunschvig, La Berberie orientate, II, 90 f.

625

Leg. biha instead of bihim?

626

The origin and use of the term are not clear to me. It seems to be a Northwest African usage. It might be derived from the vulgar root j-b-dh (j-b-d) "to draw."

627

The caliph in question is not the one mentioned, but his grandson, Marwan II, the last of the Umayyads. Ibn Khaldun's error may have been caused by the fact that another ad-Dahhak fought against Marwan b. al­llakam and fell at Marj Rihit in 64 [684]. Or, it may it have been a psychological slip by Ibn Khaldun, out of unwillingness to admit that the last Umayyad could still have introduced important innovations. The events re­ferred to in the text. took place in 128/29 [745/47], during which year all three of the Kharijites, ad-I)ahhak b. Qays, al-Khaybari, and Shayban, were killed in that order. The source is at-Tabari, Annales, 1, 1941, 11. 14 f., anno 128.

628

Cf. p. 69, above.

629

Qur'an 2.29 (27), 231 (231), etc.

630

Cf. Qur'an 61.4 (4). 'Ali's words are found in at-Tabari, Annales, I, 8290 f., and in Ibn al-Athir, Kamil, III, 150. A comparison of Ibn Khaldun's text with at-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir shows that Ibn Khaldun used Ibn al­Athir.

631

All's well-known general who died soon after the battle of $iffin, in 37 [657/581. His names are said to have been Malik b. al-Harith. His re­marks were derived by Ibn Khaldun from at-Tabari, I, 3298.

632

The military operations of Tashfm, who was later on ruler of the Almoravid realm for three years, are described in 'Ibar, VI, 229 f.; de Slane (tr.), II, 174 ff., starting with the year 538 [1138/99]. For ay-Sayrafi, about whom little seems to be known, cf. S. M. Stern, Les chansons mozarabes (Palermo, 1953), p. 57.

633

I.e., the veiled Sinhajah Almoravids.

634

The situation is changed now, for in the battle the poem is about, Tashfin was not supported as vigorously as before by his Sinhajah Almoravid troops.

635

"Lions of the thicket" is used for people who are courageous and feared in their own habitat, but despised outside it. Cf. ath-Tha'alibi, Thimar al-qulab (Cairo, 1326/1908), p. 306.

636

For the Tubba' as the legendary producer of strong armor, cf. J. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen, p. 102.

637

As-sadaf, as in the MSS.

638

This is quoted as a proverb in Lisan al-'Arab, II, 199.

639

The following two statements ascribed to 'Umar are quoted from at­Tabari, Annales, I, 2161, anno is. Both Abu 'Ubayd ath-Thaqafi and Salit b. Qays were killed in the early stages of the campaign.

640

Handbook, p. 248a; below, p. 131

640a

Cf. Ibn Kathir, Bidayah (Cairo, 1351-58/1932-40), XIII, 175, quot­ing the Nata'ij at-afkar by 'Ali b. Yabya al-Mabrami, d.-646 [1248/49]. Maskawayh, Jawidhan Khiradh (Cairo, 1952), p. 206, and ar-Raghib al­Isfahani, Muhdaardt, I, 10, have ghilah "treachery" instead of "tribe."

641

Cf. Concordance, II 271b, R. 5 ff. Cf. also, below, p. 179.

642

The reference apparently is to Ch. xn of the Siraj. Cf. the stories mentioned there on p. 176.

643

Cf. 1:316 f., above.

644

The reference is apparently to the beginning of Ch. m (1:313, above). De Slane thought it was to 1:941 f., above.

645

Cf. Qur'an 73.20 (20).

646

Cf. 1:72, above.

647

Cf. 1:72, above.