|
|
|
545 |
Qur'an 12.76 (76). |
|
546 |
Cf. the
Arabic edition of the Sirr
al-asrar in 'Abd-ar-Rahman Badawt, Fontes Graecae doctrinarum
politicarum Islamicarum (Cairo, 1964), p. 150, and the English tr.
of the work in Roger Bacon, Opera, ed. R. Steele (Oxford, 1920),
V, 248. See also 1:81 and 210, above. The passage by Pseudo-Aristotle,
and Ibn Khaldun's comment on it, are referred to by al-Qalqashandi, Subh
al-a'sha, IV, 9. No name is mentioned there, and the author of the
quotation is introduced as a "thorough scholar." Cf. also n. 504 to this
chapter, above. |
|
547 |
For wijdani, cf. n. 277 to Ch.
1, above. |
|
548 |
Cf. pp. 397
ff., below. |
|
549 |
The word is spelled with the
transcription signs for Berber ; and g (cf. above, 1:67 (nn. 183, 185)
and below, 3:129), and fully vocalized in C. It seems to be a genuine
Berber word, though I have not succeeded in finding any discussion of
it in the literature. De Slane's derivation from Arabic zawaqi is
unlikely, not so much for phonetic reasons (the Arabic sounds might have
been Berberized, as it happens) as in view of the fact that zawaqi
means "crowing roosters" in Arabic, and is by no means a commonly
used word. Cf. Lisan al-'Arab (Bulaq, 1300-1308/1882-90), XIX,
76.
A Berber word tazouggit "souffiet
(coup donne sur la joue avec la main ouverte)" is mentioned by C. de
Foucauld, Dictionnaire Touareg-Franfais (Paris, 1951-52), IV,
1937, but it could hardly be connected with the word mentioned by Ibn
Khaldun.
|
|
550 |
Qur'an
15.86 (86); 96.81 (81). |
|
551 |
Cf. R. Dozy in
Journal
asiatique, XIV6
(1869), 160. |
|
552 |
In 367 [977]. |
|
553 |
That is, when Ibn Khaldun was in Fez
under Abu 1-Hasan's successor, Abu 'Inan. |
|
554 |
C vocalizes
chitr.
Both, as well as the following
kos,
are Persian words. |
|
555 |
The following reference to the
'i$dbah
was added in the margin of C.
It is found in the text of D. |
|
556 |
Cf. J. Sauvaget in
Melanges
Asiatiques publies par la Societi Asiatique, (1940-41), p. 40.
According to al-Qalgashandi,
Subh al-a'sha, IV,
8,
the
'isabah
(apparently the same as the
Arabic word for "turban") was a flag of yellow silk, embroidered in
gold. |
|
557 |
Ibn Khaldun mentions that Sayf-ad-din
Ghazi of Mosul, d. 544
[1149],
was the first to have
a sanjaq
carried over his head. Cf
'Ibar, V,
239,
following Ibn al-Athir,
Kamil
(Cairo,
1302/1885),
XI, 62,
anno 544. |
|
558 |
The original
text had
chatr.
The correction to
`isabah
is found in C, and then in D. |
|
559 |
Ibn Khaldun conflated Qur'an 30.22
(21)
with passages like Qur'an 3.190
(187).
The Bulaq edition
corrects the author and gives the exact text of Qur'an 30.22
(21). |
|
560 |
Cf. 1:347
ff., above. |
| 560a |
Cf. al-'Askari,
Awa'il, Paris, MS. Ar. 5986,
fol. 123b. |
|
561 |
For the celebrated, though still rather
enigmatic personality who corresponds to the historical Cyrus, governor
of Egypt at the end of the Byzantine domination, cf. A. Grohmann in
El, s.v. "al-Mukawkas." The form might
be the Coptic article p plus Caucas(ios), the Caucasian. |
|
562 |
Cf. Qur'an 24.44
(44). |
|
563 |
Cf. also
1:484 above. In Islam the subject of standards of coinage and the
history of Muslim coinage belonged to political and legal science and
were treated by al-Mawardi at the end of the thirteenth chapter of the
Ahkam as-sultaniyah, pp.
146
ff. There, Ibn Khaldun found his material for the older period. The
subject also
entered
general historiography. For instance, Ibn al-Khatib deals with the
subject in his History of
Granada,
in so far
as it concerns the period and locality treated by him; cf.
al-Ihatah fi akhbdr Gharnatah (Cairo,
1319/1901), I, 37. |
|
564 |
The Persian
fire altar represented on Sassanian coins used by the early
Muslims, was interpreted as a fortress. |
|
565 |
Abdallah
b. Dhakwan, d. between 130 and 132
[747/48 and 749/50]. Cf. Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib, V,
203 ff.
For Ibn al-Musayyab, cf. n. 486 to this chapter, above. |
|
566 |
The
famous early historian, 'Ali b. Muhammad,
ca.
132
[749/50] to 224 or 225 [839 or 839/40]. Cf. GAL, I, 140 f.;
suppl.,
I, 214 f. |
|
567 |
Qur'an
112.1-2 (1-2). For the meaning of
as-samad,
cf. F.
Rosenthal in The Joshua Starr
Memorial Volume
(Jewish
Social Studies, Publication No. 5) (New York, 1953), pp. 72 ff.
A coin of
the reformed type from the year 77, which, however, has a much longer
inscription, is reproduced in S. Lane Poole,
Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the
British Museum
(London,
1875), I, 1 and pl. I, 1
|
|
568 |
I The date
of a coin allegedly from the year 71 is discussed and rejected by J.
Walker, A Catalogue of the
Arab-Sassanian Coins
(London,
1941), p. 117. |
|
569 |
This information is not quite accurate, nor is it completely clear. |
|
570 |
With the exception of the name
baghli,
which Muslim sources derive from the
name of a legendary Jew, Baghl or Ra's al-Baghl ("Mule Head"), the
dirhams are named after the areas where they were in use. |
|
571 |
According to
'Ibar,
VI, 177; de Slane (tr.), 11, 57, a_ reform of the coinage was undertaken
by the last Hammidid, Yahya
[1122-52, d. 1163], grandson of al-Mansur [1088/89-1104/5], resident at Bougie from 1090/91. Muhammad b. 'All Ibn Hammad wrote around 617 [1220]. Cf. GAL
Suppl.,
I, 555. |
|
572 |
Cf., in particular, A. Bel, "Contributio(1933),
1 ff |
|
573 |
Bulaq: "does not engrave." |
|
574 |
Qur'an 6.96 (96); 36.38 (38); 41.12
(11). |
|
575 |
The text of the additional note is found
in C on an inserted sheet. |
|
576 |
Cf. p. 56, above. |
|
577 |
Hamd (Ahmad) b. Muhammad, 319 [931
] to 386 or 388 [996 or 998]. Cf.
GAL,
I,
161, 165;
Suppl.,
I, 267, 275.
His Ma'alim is a commentary on the
Sunan
of Abu Dawud. |
|
578 |
Loc. cit., p.
54 (n. 563), above. |
|
579 |
All this
means simply that according to the opinion here expressed, the currency
mentioned in the law was not originally represented by actual coins. |
|
580 |
Apparently,
'Abd-al-Haqq b. 'Abd-ar-Rahman al-Ishbili, 510-581 [1116-1185].
Cf. GAL, 1, 371; Suppl., I, 634. |
|
581 |
Qur'an 8.7 (7);
10.82 (82); 42.24 (23). |
|
582 |
Qur'an
25.2 (2). |
|
583 |
The
original text in C was much shorter. It has been crossed out, and the
full text is found on an inserted sheet that also includes the remarks
on
the tiraz.
|
|
584 |
I.e.,
Muhammad rasul Allah. |
|
585 |
The
original story had "little," and Bulaq has this in its text. |
|
586 |
Cf. al-Bukhari,
Sahih, ed. Krehl (Leiden, 1862-1908), IV, 90, 92
f.; Muslim, Sahih (Calcutta, 1265/1849), II, 328 f.;
Handbook, p. 212a.
The last two or three sentences are, I believe,
found neither in al-Bukhari nor in Muslim, but occur in a similar form
in, for instance, at-Tabari, Annales, I, 2856. |
|
587 |
Qur'an
93.40 (40).
Cf. J. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen
(Berlin & Leipzig, 1927), pp. 53 f. |
|
588 |
Qur'an
83.26 (26),
referring to the wine of Paradise. |
|
589 |
Cf. I::xli, and p. 26, above. |
|
590 |
Cf at-Tabari,
Annales, II, 5 f. |
| 590a |
But cf. the description of the various procedures by which letters
may be sealed, below. Any one of them may be meant
here. |
|
591 |
Op. cit., II,
206. It was 'Amr himself who changed the
figures in the draft. |
|
592 |
Cf. p. 20,
above |
|
593 |
Sealing clay
constituted part of the tax income of southern Mesopotamia. Cf. 0962, above. |
|
594 |
Cf. A. Mez,
Die Renaissance des
Islams, p. l30. |
|
595 |
Numerous specimens of tiraz have been preserved and extensively studied by modern scholars. Cf. A.
Grohmann in EI and EI Supplement, s.v. "Tiraz."
Some kind of
tiraz
manufacture has continued to the present
day in the Yemen. Cf. R. B. Serjeant in
Ars Islamica, XIII-XIV
(1948), 81 f. |
|
596 |
Cf. Qur'an
73.20 (20) and
21.89 (89). |
|
597 |
Rawb, described by the historians as one
of the principal advisers to 'Abd-al-Malik, is said to have died in
84 [709].
Cf adh-Dhahabi, Ta'rikh al-Islam, III, 248.
For the story cf. also pp. 76 f., below. |
|
598 |
Cf. 1:58 ff., above. |
|
599 |
Lit., "tents that cover a circular piece of ground when pitched." |
|
600 |
Cf., for instance, E. Ibafez,
Diccionario espaiol-rifefio (Madrid, 1944), p. 407a, and
idem, Diccionario rjfe-o-espaflol (Madrid, 1949), pp. 13a
(aferag), 14a. Cf. also E. Laoust, Mots et choses berberes (Paris, 1929), p. 22, where the word occurs as a "dry hedge of
jujubes." |
|
601 |
Cf. pp. 78 ff., below. |
|
602 |
Qur'an 11.66 (69); 42.19 (18). |
|
603 |
Cf. the
references given by J. Pedersen in EI, s.v. "Masdjid" (Sec. D, pt. 2,
b). The Yemenite attacked Marwan when he was governor of Medina, in
44 [664/65].
The Kharijite attack upon Mu'awiyah presumably refers
to the three-pronged conspiracy against 'Ali, 'Amr b. al-'A§, and
Mu'awiyah in the year 40 [661], which was successful only against
'Ali. Of course, all this is rather legendary, and the sources do not
agree on the date of the introduction of the
maglarah. |
|
604 |
Cf. n. 6
to this chapter, above. |
|
605 |
Cf. Ibn
'Abd-al-Hakam, Futuh Misr,
ed. C. C.
Torrey (Yale Oriental Series, Researches No. 3) (New Haven,
1922), p. 92,
and all the Egyptian historians. Cf. the references
given by J. Pedersen in
EI,
s.v.
"Masdjid" (Sec. D, pt. 2, d). |
|
606 |
A1-haqqa
is Ibn
Khaldun's text. Bulaq reads: 'ala l-haqq
"toward
the truth." D has bi-l-haqq "with the truth." One may compare a
tradition such as the one quoted by al-liakim, Mustadrak
(Hyderabad, 1324/1906), III, 124 f.: "O God, let the truth
go wherever 'Ali goes." |
|
607 |
Bulaq has
the preceding paragraph in an earlier place, after the introductory
sentence of the story by 'Amr b. al-'As. According to C, which has both
stories in the margin, they would be a later addition to the text. |
|
608 |
For the form
of his name, which is further confirmed by the vocalization of the MSS,
cf. 1:272 (n. 64), above. For the event, which belongs in the year 1242,
cf. 'Ibar, VI, 287; VII, 79 ff.; de Slane (tr.), II, 817 f.; III, 942 ff.;
R. Brunschvig, La Berberie orientale, I, 91. |
|
609 |
This is apparently intended as a
derisive designation; however, the Prophet's minbar is also
called a'wad "pieces of wood."
Instead of "they are," A reads dh-k-r,
probably to be translated "he refers to." However, the reading of A
seems to be a simple mistake.
|
|
610 |
We should count al-Mustansir
[1249-1277] as the second Hafsid of Tunis. For the numbering of Hafsids
by Ibn Khaldun, cf. n. 155 to this chapter and p. 17, above, as
well as 101, 116, and 222, below. In 2:116, alMustanlir's brother and
second successor, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, is called the fourth. Ya'qub ruled
from 1258 to 1277. For the historical circumstances, cf. R. Brunschvig,
op. cit., I, 45. |
|
611 |
Cf. 1:371, 1. 10,
above, and 3:374 (n. 1441), below, as one should
read, with Bulaq, shiyat. Shi'ah
"will" could hardly be meant here. |
|
612 |
Cf 1:81 f., above. |
|
613 |
Cf. Qur'an 33.52 (52). |
|
|