286

Cf. Issawi, p. 137; G. Surdon and L. Bercher, Recueil de testes de sociologie, pp. 66-73.

287

Cf. pp. 284 ff, above.

288

Cf. p. 284, above.

289

Cf. pp. 187 and 322, above.

290

Cf. Concordance, I, 7b, 1. 32, and II, 190b,1. 28.

291

Qur'an 49.13 (Is).

292

Cf. p. 391, above.

293

Cf. al-Bukhari, Sahih, I, 23; Concordance, II, 557a,11. 7 ff.

294

Cf. pp. 381 and 391, above.

295

Bulaq adds: "When wrathfulness is for that purpose, it is reprehensible, ..."

296

Qur'an 60.3 (3).

297

Cf. pp. 322 ff, above.

298

Qur'an 38.35 (34).

299

Cf. pp. 391 f., above, and p. 422, below.

300

The two basic stories from which the above version was evolved are contained in al-Baladhurti s Ansab. Cf. O. Pinto and G. Levi Della Vida, It Califfo Mu'awiya I secondo il "Kitab Ansab al-Asiraf " (Rome, 1938), p. 159. Cf. also Ibn 'Abdrabbih,'Igd,11, 236. For the use of the term kisrawl, cf. G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam (Menasha, Wis., 1955), p. 36.

301

Cf. pp. 266 and 283, above. 418

302

Cf. al-Mas'udi, Muruj adh-dhahab, IV, 193; Ibn Kathir, Bidayah, VII, 134.

303

Cf. al-Mas'udi, IV, 336.

304

Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, 'Abdallah b. Qays, one of the most famous early Muslim politicians. Cf. below, p. 453.

304a

An innovation shortly after the death of the Prophet allegedly was the use of sieves. Cf. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', I, 112; II, 3. Cf. also at-Tabari, Annales, l, 3032; * I. Goldziher, Muh. Studien, II, 25.

305

Cf. his Muruj adh-dhahab, IV, 253-55. The quotation in Ibn Khaldun is accurate but not literal. For the subject, cf. also Ibn Hamdan, Tadhkirah, Ch. XLIX, MS. Topkapusaray, Ahmet III, 2948, Vol. XII, fol. 185a.

306

Cf. pp. 133 and 409, above.

306a

Miqdad b. al-Aswad ('Amr), who is much less prominent than the preceding personalities, was an old Muslim. He died in 33 [653/54].

307

Munyah is said to have been the name of Ya'la's mother, or of his grandmother (or a more remote female ancestor). The correct form is found fully vocalized in C. D has Munabbih, and A and B also suggest this wrong name. Ya'la's father was Umayyah.

308

Qad, from the meaning of "purposefulness" acquires the meaning of "moderation." Both meanings apply here. Cf. p. 354 (n. 99), above.

309

Cf. pp. 284 ff., above.

310

Cf. Bombaci, p. 448.

311

A grandson of the caliph Abu Bakr, who died between 720 and 730. For 'Umar's remark, cf. Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, V, 140,1. 12.

312

Cf. pp. 392 f. and 417, above.

313

The element of Mu'awiyah's opinion concerning Yazid is considered also below, pp. 431 and 434, though it makes the argument here nearly pointless. This fact would remain, were one to translate: ". . . the Umayyads would have been against him, even though they (might have) had a good opinion of him (personally). No one could have doubts in this respect or suspect that Mu'awiyah had other (motives when he appointed Yazid, but the preservation of harmony)." In favor of this translation, one may point to p. 432, I. 15, below, but there are reasons against it.

314

Cf. J. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, pp. 167 f., but more can be said about Marwan in this connection. Cf. Schacht, pp. 114, 193, 195, 197, 200, and 221. Cf. also Ibn al-'Arabi, Qawasim (a1-'Awasim min al-gawasim) (Cairo, 1371/1952), pp. 249 f.

315

Bulaq reads: "who are known for their probity."

316

Qur'an 4.40 (44).

317

Cf. Muruj adh-dhahab, VI, 161-65. There are some omissions in the quotation but basically it is fairly literal. Cf. also Ibn 'Abdrabbih, 'Iqd, II, 276. The story was also cited by Abu Ijammu of Tlemcen, in his Wasilat as-suluk (Tunis, 1279/1862-63), p. 128.

318

Busitat li, as in Bulaq and A (busita li), B, and C. D has busitat lahu which means "Valuable carpets had been spread out for him (to sit on)." This agrees with the printed text of al-Mas'udi, but is certainly a mistake as far as the Ibn Khaldun tradition is concerned.

319

This was one of the three sons of 'Ali's brother, Ja'far b. Abi Tilib, presumably Muhammad, who was implicated in 'Uthmin's death, according to at-Tabari. Ibn Kathir, Bidayah, VII, 176, mentions 'Abdallah b. az-Zubayr in this connection, but makes no reference to Ibn Jafar.

320

Cf. al-Mas'udi, Muruj adh-dhahab, IV, 299 ft.

320a

The verse is ascribed to Abu 1-'Atihiyah by Ibn 'Abdrabbih, 'Iqd, III, 285, and by ar-Righib al-Ilfahini, Muhadarat, I, 325. Other sources introduce it as a verse recited by the famous saint and mystic Ibrihim b. Adham. Cf. Ibn Qutaybah, 'Uyun, II, 330; al-Bayhaqi, Malasin, ed. F. Schwally (Giessen, 1902), p. 390; al-Ghazzali, Ihya',III, 155.

321

Cf. Issawi, pp. 137 f.

322

Cf. Qur'an 73.20 (20).