27

Or, more generally, "who has shown himself so courageous."

28

Cf. at-Tabari, Annales, I, 2346.

29

Told "he recited." Cf, the term matluw, p. 192 (n. 261), above, and p. 437 and 3:113, 284, below.

30

Cf. 3:306, below.

31

Cf. P. 223, above.

32

Cf. also 3:206, below. In the city of Ibn Khaldun's ancestors, it was prescribed ca. 1100 that "an older child should not be struck more than five times, nor a small one more than three, and the severity of the blows should be according to the strength of the individual children to stand them." Cf. E. Levi-Provengal, "Le Traite d 'Ibn 'AbdGn," Journal asiatique, CCXXIV (1934), 214; tr. by the same, Seville musulmane au debut du XII a siecle (Islam d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, No. 2) (Paris, 1947), pp. 53 f.

33

Shurayh lived in the seventh century and is said to have been appointed judge of al-Kufah by 'Umar. Cf. J. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, 1950), pp. 228 f.

34

Cf. pp. 201 f., above. The story of the threefold choking is here under­stood as an educational measure, serving the purpose of teaching Muhammad how to read the writing revealed to him by Gabriel.

35

Qur'an 6.18 (18), 73 (73); 34.1 (1).